Constitutionally, Canada’s head of state is Queen Elizabeth II.
从宪法意义上讲，加拿大国家元首为英国女王伊丽莎白二世。
She is represented by a governor general at the federal level and by 10 lieutenant governors, one per province. The three territories each have a commissioner representing the Queen. They mainly have a ceremonial role.
联邦设有一名总督，10 个省份各有一名省督，3 个地区各有一名专员。他们代替女王行使权力。这些职位主要是荣誉性的。
The governor general, or his representative, grants royal assent to bills passed in Parliament. He summons and dissolves Parliament, reads the speech from the throne, signs certain state documents and presides over certain swearing-in ceremonies.
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总督或者其代理人以英国君主的名义批准议会通过的法律，召集或解散议会，宣读国情咨文，签署某些和国家有关的文件，主持某些宣誓仪式。
Legislative Power 立法权力
Canada is also a parliamentary democracy. Members of Parliament meeting in the House of Commons hold legislative power, which means they can draw up and pass laws. They debate bills in the House, study them fully in committees, propose amendments to them, and then pass or defeat them.
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加拿大也实行议会民主制。众议院的议员拥有立法权，即制定和通过法律的权力。他们在众议院就法律提案进行辩论，参加相关的委员会对这些提案进行深入研究，提出修改建议，投票通过或否决法案。
Although government members usually introduce bills, opposition members may also introduce them on their own behalf.
虽然法案通常由执政党的议员提出，但是反对党议员也能以自己的名义提出法案。
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The Senate also contributes to the legislative process by passing bills voted on by the House of Commons before they receive royal assent. Senators can reject a bill, but don’t do so often. They can also amend bills introduced in the House of Commons.
一项法案获得总督批准以前还需经参议院通过。参议员们可以否决一项法案，但不经常这样做。他们也能够修改众议院提交的法案。
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The Senate also has the power to introduce bills, except for money bills (those having a financial impact or requiring public expenditure).
参议院也拥有提出法案的权力，条件是这些法案没有财政影响，不占用任何公共支出。
Executive Power 行政权力
In Canada, the Cabinet holds executive power. Its role is to set the policies of the government of the day and administer state affairs according to laws passed by the legislature.
在加拿大，内阁（亦称部长委员会）拥有行政权力。它的职责是制定政府政策，根据立法机构通过的法律来管理国家。
The head of the Cabinet is the prime minister. Following parliamentary tradition, he is the leader of the party that obtained the most seats in the House of Commons.
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这个行政机构的首长是总理。根据议会制传统，总理由获得众议院议席最多的政党的领导人担任。
The prime minister appoints ministers, senators, lieutenant governors of the provinces, and Supreme Court judges. He also chooses the date to dissolve Parliament and call an election and the date to vote.
总理任命部长，参议员，省督和最高法院法官。他也有权选择解散议会召集大选的时机，并决定投票日。
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Except in rare instances, ministers are chosen from members of Parliament. In comparison, the United States Constitution formally prohibits elected officials from being ministers (called “secretaries” in the U.S.).
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除了极少数的例外，加拿大的部长通常从议员中选出。而在美国，宪法禁止国会议员担任部长。
来源：www.rcinet.ca
